The system must protect audit information from unauthorized modification.

Overview

Finding ID	Version	Rule ID	IA Controls	Severity
V-61655	O121-C2-009400	SV-76145r1_rule		Medium

Description
If audit data were to become compromised, then competent forensic analysis and discovery of the true source of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve. To ensure the veracity of audit data, the information system and/or the application must protect audit information from unauthorized modification. This requirement can be achieved through multiple methods which will depend upon system architecture and design. Some commonly employed methods include ensuring log files enjoy the proper file system permissions and limiting log data locations. Applications providing a user interface to audit data will leverage user permissions and roles identifying the user accessing the data and the corresponding rights that the user enjoys in order to make access decisions regarding the modification of audit data. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully audit information system activity. Modification of database audit data could mask the theft of, or the unauthorized modification of, sensitive data stored in the database.

Description

If audit data were to become compromised, then competent forensic analysis and discovery of the true source of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve. To ensure the veracity of audit data, the information system and/or the application must protect audit information from unauthorized modification. This requirement can be achieved through multiple methods which will depend upon system architecture and design. Some commonly employed methods include ensuring log files enjoy the proper file system permissions and limiting log data locations. Applications providing a user interface to audit data will leverage user permissions and roles identifying the user accessing the data and the corresponding rights that the user enjoys in order to make access decisions regarding the modification of audit data. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully audit information system activity. Modification of database audit data could mask the theft of, or the unauthorized modification of, sensitive data stored in the database.

STIG	Date
Oracle Database 12c Security Technical Implementation Guide	2016-06-24

Details

Check Text ( C-62527r2_chk )
Review locations of audit logs, both internal to the database and database audit logs located at the operating system-level. Verify there are appropriate controls and permissions to protect the audit information from unauthorized modification. If appropriate controls and permissions do not exist, this is a finding. - - - - - If Standard Auditing is used: DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes all object grants in the database. Check to see who has permissions on the AUD$ table. Related View DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes the object grants for which the current user is the object owner, grantor, or grantee. Column Datatype NULL Description GRANTEE VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user to whom access was granted VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Owner of the object TABLE_NA VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the object GRANTOR VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user who performed the grant PRIVILEGE VARCHAR2(40) NOT NULL Privilege on the object GRANTABLE VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the GRANT OPTION (YES) or not (NO) HIERARCHY VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the HIERARCHY OPTION (YES) or not (NO) COMMON VARCHAR2(3) TYPE VARCHAR2(24) sqlplus connect as sysdba; SQL> SELECT GRANTEE, TABLE_NAME, PRIVILEGE FROM DBA_TAB_PRIVS where table_name = 'AUD$'; If Unified Auditing is used: DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes all object grants in the database. Check to see who has permissions on the AUDSYS tables. Related View DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes the object grants for which the current user is the object owner, grantor, or grantee. Column Datatype NULL Description GRANTEE VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user to whom access was granted OWNER VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Owner of the object TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the object GRANTOR VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user who performed the grant PRIVILEGE VARCHAR2(40) NOT NULL Privilege on the object GRANTABLE VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the GRANT OPTION (YES) or not (NO) HIERARCHY VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the HIERARCHY OPTION (YES) or not (NO) COMMON VARCHAR2(3) TYPE VARCHAR2(24) sqlplus connect as sysdba; SQL> SELECT GRANTEE, TABLE_NAME, PRIVILEGE FROM DBA_TAB_PRIVS where owner='AUDSYS';

Check Text ( C-62527r2_chk )

Review locations of audit logs, both internal to the database and database audit logs located at the operating system-level. Verify there are appropriate controls and permissions to protect the audit information from unauthorized modification.

If appropriate controls and permissions do not exist, this is a finding.

- - - - -
If Standard Auditing is used:
DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes all object grants in the database. Check to see who has permissions on the AUD$ table.

Related View

DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes the object grants for which the current user is the object owner, grantor, or grantee.
Column Datatype NULL Description
GRANTEE VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user to whom access was granted
VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Owner of the object
TABLE_NA VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the object
GRANTOR VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user who performed the grant
PRIVILEGE VARCHAR2(40) NOT NULL Privilege on the object
GRANTABLE VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the GRANT OPTION (YES) or not (NO)
HIERARCHY VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the HIERARCHY OPTION (YES) or not (NO)
COMMON VARCHAR2(3)
TYPE VARCHAR2(24)

sqlplus connect as sysdba;

SQL> SELECT GRANTEE, TABLE_NAME, PRIVILEGE
FROM DBA_TAB_PRIVS where table_name = 'AUD$';

If Unified Auditing is used:
DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes all object grants in the database. Check to see who has permissions on the AUDSYS tables.

Related View

DBA_TAB_PRIVS describes the object grants for which the current user is the object owner, grantor, or grantee.
Column Datatype NULL Description
GRANTEE VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user to whom access was granted
OWNER VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Owner of the object
TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the object
GRANTOR VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL Name of the user who performed the grant
PRIVILEGE VARCHAR2(40) NOT NULL Privilege on the object
GRANTABLE VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the GRANT OPTION (YES) or not (NO)
HIERARCHY VARCHAR2(3) Indicates whether the privilege was granted with the HIERARCHY OPTION (YES) or not (NO)
COMMON VARCHAR2(3)
TYPE VARCHAR2(24)

sqlplus connect as sysdba;

SQL> SELECT GRANTEE, TABLE_NAME, PRIVILEGE
FROM DBA_TAB_PRIVS where owner='AUDSYS';

Fix Text (F-67569r2_fix)
Add controls and modify permissions to protect database audit log data from unauthorized modification, whether stored in the database itself or at the OS level. - - - - - If Standard Auditing is used: Revoke access to the AUD$ table to anyone who should not have access to it. In the check we looked for all users who had access to the AUD$ table. To fix this, use the REVOKE command to revoke access to users who should not have access to the audit data. REVOKE statement Use the REVOKE statement to remove permissions from a specific user or from all users to perform actions on database objects. The following types of permissions can be revoked: Delete data from a specific table. Insert data into a specific table. Create a foreign key reference to the named table or to a subset of columns from a table. Select data from a table, view, or a subset of columns in a table. Create a trigger on a table. Update data in a table or in a subset of columns in a table. Run a specified routine (function or procedure). If a user named FRED had access to the AUD$ table and wanting to revoke that access, use the following command. The syntax that would be used for the REVOKE statement for tables is as follows: REVOKE privilege-type ON [ TABLE ] { table-Name \| view-Name } FROM grantees SQL>REVOKE SELECT ON TABLE AUD$ FROM FRED; Revoking a privilege without specifying a column list revokes the privilege for all of the columns in the table. Syntax for routines table-privileges include DELETE \| INSERT \| REFERENCES [column list] \| SELECT [column list] \| TRIGGER \| UPDATE [column list] column list ( column-identifier {, column-identifier}* ) Use the ALL PRIVILEGES privilege type to revoke all of the permissions from the user for the specified table. Can also revoke one or more table privileges by specifying a privilege-list. Use the DELETE privilege type to revoke permission to delete rows from the specified table. Use the INSERT privilege type to revoke permission to insert rows into the specified table. Use the REFERENCES privilege type to revoke permission to create a foreign key reference to the specified table. If a column list is specified with the REFERENCES privilege, the permission is revoked on only the foreign key reference to the specified columns. Use the SELECT privilege type to revoke permission to perform SELECT statements on a table or view. If a column list is specified with the SELECT privilege, the permission is revoked on only those columns. If no column list is specified, then the privilege is valid on all of the columns in the table. Use the TRIGGER privilege type to revoke permission to create a trigger on the specified table. Use the UPDATE privilege type to revoke permission to use the UPDATE statement on the specified table. If a column list is specified, the permission is revoked only on the specified columns. grantees { authorization ID \| PUBLIC } [,{ authorization ID \| PUBLIC } ] * Can revoke the privileges from specific users or from all users. Use the keyword PUBLIC to specify all users. The privileges revoked from PUBLIC and from individual users are independent privileges. For example, a SELECT privilege on table t is granted to both PUBLIC and to the authorization ID harry. The SELECT privilege is later revoked from the authorization ID 'Harry', but the authorization ID 'Harry' can access the table through the PUBLIC privilege. Restriction: Cannot revoke the privileges of the owner of an object. routine-designator { qualified-name [ signature ] } Cascading object dependencies For views, triggers, and constraints, if the privilege on which the object depends is revoked, the object is automatically dropped. Derby does not try to determine if there are other privileges that can replace the privileges that are being revoked. For more information, see "SQL standard authorization" in the Java DB Developer's Guide. Limitations The following limitations apply to the REVOKE statement: Table-level privileges: All of the table-level privilege types for a specified grantee and table ID are stored in one row in the SYSTABLEPERMS system table. For example, when user2 is granted the SELECT and DELETE privileges on table user1.t1, a row is added to the SYSTABLEPERMS table. The GRANTEE field contains user2 and the TABLEID contains user1.t1. The SELECTPRIV and DELETEPRIV fields are set to Y. The remaining privilege type fields are set to N. When a grantee creates an object that relies on one of the privilege types, the Derby engine tracks the dependency of the object on the specific row in the SYSTABLEPERMS table. For example, user2 creates the view v1 by using the statement SELECT * FROM user1.t1; the dependency manager tracks the dependency of view v1 on the row in SYSTABLEPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1). The dependency manager knows only that the view is dependent on a privilege type in that specific row but does not track exactly which privilege type the view is dependent on. When a REVOKE statement for a table-level privilege is issued for a grantee and table ID, all of the objects that are dependent on the grantee and table ID are dropped. For example, if user1 revokes the DELETE privilege on table t1 from user2, the row in SYSTABLEPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1) is modified by the REVOKE statement. The dependency manager sends a revoke invalidation message to the view user2.v1, and the view is dropped, even though the view is not dependent on the DELETE privilege for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1). Column-level privileges: Only one type of privilege for a specified grantee and table ID are stored in one row in the SYSCOLPERMS system table. For example, when user2 is granted the SELECT privilege on table user1.t1 for columns c12 and c13, a row is added to the SYSCOLPERMS. The GRANTEE field contains user2, the TABLEID contains user1.t1, the TYPE field contains S, and the COLUMNS field contains c12, c13. When a grantee creates an object that relies on the privilege type and the subset of columns in a table ID, the Derby engine tracks the dependency of the object on the specific row in the SYSCOLPERMS table. For example, user2 creates the view v1 by using the statement SELECT c11 FROM user1.t1; the dependency manager tracks the dependency of view v1 on the row in SYSCOLPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1), TYPE(S). The dependency manager knows that the view is dependent on the SELECT privilege type but does not track exactly which columns the view is dependent on. When a REVOKE statement for a column-level privilege is issued for a grantee, table ID, and type, all of the objects that are dependent on the grantee, table ID, and type are dropped. For example, if user1 revokes the SELECT privilege on column c12 on table user1.t1 from user2, the row in SYSCOLPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1), TYPE(S) is modified by the REVOKE statement. The dependency manager sends a revoke invalidation message to the view user2.v1, and the view is dropped, even though the view is not dependent on the column c12 for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1), TYPE(S). If Unified Auditing is used: Apply the same process used in standard auditing to the tables with AUDSYS as the owner.

Fix Text (F-67569r2_fix)

Add controls and modify permissions to protect database audit log data from unauthorized modification, whether stored in the database itself or at the OS level.

- - - - -
If Standard Auditing is used:
Revoke access to the AUD$ table to anyone who should not have access to it.

In the check we looked for all users who had access to the AUD$ table. To fix this, use the REVOKE command to revoke access to users who should not have access to the audit data.

REVOKE statement

Use the REVOKE statement to remove permissions from a specific user or from all users to perform actions on database objects.
The following types of permissions can be revoked:

Delete data from a specific table.
Insert data into a specific table.
Create a foreign key reference to the named table or to a subset of columns from a table.
Select data from a table, view, or a subset of columns in a table.
Create a trigger on a table.
Update data in a table or in a subset of columns in a table.
Run a specified routine (function or procedure).

If a user named FRED had access to the AUD$ table and wanting to revoke that access, use the following command. The syntax that would be used for the REVOKE statement for tables is as follows:

REVOKE privilege-type ON [ TABLE ] { table-Name | view-Name } FROM grantees

SQL>REVOKE SELECT ON TABLE AUD$ FROM FRED;

Revoking a privilege without specifying a column list revokes the privilege for all of the columns in the table.
Syntax for routines

table-privileges include

DELETE |
INSERT |
REFERENCES [column list] |
SELECT [column list] |
TRIGGER |
UPDATE [column list]

column list

( column-identifier {, column-identifier}* )

Use the ALL PRIVILEGES privilege type to revoke all of the permissions from the user for the specified table. Can also revoke one or more table privileges by specifying a privilege-list.

Use the DELETE privilege type to revoke permission to delete rows from the specified table.

Use the INSERT privilege type to revoke permission to insert rows into the specified table.

Use the REFERENCES privilege type to revoke permission to create a foreign key reference to the specified table. If a column list is specified with the REFERENCES privilege, the permission is revoked on only the foreign key reference to the specified columns.

Use the SELECT privilege type to revoke permission to perform SELECT statements on a table or view. If a column list is specified with the SELECT privilege, the permission is revoked on only those columns. If no column list is specified, then the privilege is valid on all of the columns in the table.

Use the TRIGGER privilege type to revoke permission to create a trigger on the specified table.

Use the UPDATE privilege type to revoke permission to use the UPDATE statement on the specified table. If a column list is specified, the permission is revoked only on the specified columns.
grantees

{ authorization ID | PUBLIC } [,{ authorization ID | PUBLIC } ] *

Can revoke the privileges from specific users or from all users. Use the keyword PUBLIC to specify all users. The privileges revoked from PUBLIC and from individual users are independent privileges. For example, a SELECT privilege on table t is granted to both PUBLIC and to the authorization ID harry. The SELECT privilege is later revoked from the authorization ID 'Harry', but the authorization ID 'Harry' can access the table through the PUBLIC privilege.

Restriction: Cannot revoke the privileges of the owner of an object.
routine-designator

{
qualified-name [ signature ]
}

Cascading object dependencies

For views, triggers, and constraints, if the privilege on which the object depends is revoked, the object is automatically dropped. Derby does not try to determine if there are other privileges that can replace the privileges that are being revoked. For more information, see "SQL standard authorization" in the Java DB Developer's Guide.
Limitations

The following limitations apply to the REVOKE statement:

Table-level privileges:

All of the table-level privilege types for a specified grantee and table ID are stored in one row in the SYSTABLEPERMS system table. For example, when user2 is granted the SELECT and DELETE privileges on table user1.t1, a row is added to the SYSTABLEPERMS table. The GRANTEE field contains user2 and the TABLEID contains user1.t1. The SELECTPRIV and DELETEPRIV fields are set to Y. The remaining privilege type fields are set to N.

When a grantee creates an object that relies on one of the privilege types, the Derby engine tracks the dependency of the object on the specific row in the SYSTABLEPERMS table. For example, user2 creates the view v1 by using the statement SELECT * FROM user1.t1; the dependency manager tracks the dependency of view v1 on the row in SYSTABLEPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1). The dependency manager knows only that the view is dependent on a privilege type in that specific row but does not track exactly which privilege type the view is dependent on.

When a REVOKE statement for a table-level privilege is issued for a grantee and table ID, all of the objects that are dependent on the grantee and table ID are dropped. For example, if user1 revokes the DELETE privilege on table t1 from user2, the row in SYSTABLEPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1) is modified by the REVOKE statement. The dependency manager sends a revoke invalidation message to the view user2.v1, and the view is dropped, even though the view is not dependent on the DELETE privilege for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1).

Column-level privileges:

Only one type of privilege for a specified grantee and table ID are stored in one row in the SYSCOLPERMS system table. For example, when user2 is granted the SELECT privilege on table user1.t1 for columns c12 and c13, a row is added to the SYSCOLPERMS. The GRANTEE field contains user2, the TABLEID contains user1.t1, the TYPE field contains S, and the COLUMNS field contains c12, c13.

When a grantee creates an object that relies on the privilege type and the subset of columns in a table ID, the Derby engine tracks the dependency of the object on the specific row in the SYSCOLPERMS table. For example, user2 creates the view v1 by using the statement SELECT c11 FROM user1.t1; the dependency manager tracks the dependency of view v1 on the row in SYSCOLPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1), TYPE(S). The dependency manager knows that the view is dependent on the SELECT privilege type but does not track exactly which columns the view is dependent on.

When a REVOKE statement for a column-level privilege is issued for a grantee, table ID, and type, all of the objects that are dependent on the grantee, table ID, and type are dropped. For example, if user1 revokes the SELECT privilege on column c12 on table user1.t1 from user2, the row in SYSCOLPERMS for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1), TYPE(S) is modified by the REVOKE statement. The dependency manager sends a revoke invalidation message to the view user2.v1, and the view is dropped, even though the view is not dependent on the column c12 for GRANTEE(user2), TABLEID(user1.t1), TYPE(S).

If Unified Auditing is used:

Apply the same process used in standard auditing to the tables with AUDSYS as the owner.